The past few years have been difficult. How do I know if I have PTSD?
Mental Health
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
PTSD is complex, but in a nutshell, it is the body’s response to a stressful or fear provoking event. It causes our bodies to go into a constant state of preparation to fight something dangerous or scary. Over time this can lead to depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and physical health symptoms. PTSD is not something …
¿Qué es un trastorno alimentario?
Health & Wellness Mental Health Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
En el último mes tuvimos la Semana Nacional de Concienciación sobre los Trastornos Alimentarios. Siga leyendo para saber un poco más sobre los trastornos alimentarios y cómo obtener ayuda. ¿Qué son los trastornos alimentarios? Los trastornos alimentarios son enfermedades graves, responsables de dolencias médicas y físicas. Se definen como cambios en los comportamientos y patrones …
Hot flashes and mood swings in perimenopause! Make ‘em go away!
Reproductive Health
Mary Kathleen Haber, FNP-C, IBCLC
Ugh! We are right there with you! Perimenopause (the time before, during, and right after menopause) is a normal and expected process for ~50% of the human population. Nevertheless.The.Symptoms.Can.Stink. 🔥Studies show between 50-85% of us experience hot flashes during the late menopausal transition and early postmenopause. For most of us, these are mild to moderate. …
Is there any update on additional COVID booster shots?
Vaccines
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
“Receiving more than one updated booster is not currently authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” The US CDC issued the above guidance this week (March 27th), stating: “At this time, one updated booster dose is recommended for everyone in order to maintain protection from severe illness.” **Correction: This article was corrected on March …
¿Qué dice la ciencia sobre el horario de verano y el impacto en la salud?
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Sandra Albrecht, PhD MPH
Los científicos del sueño y del sistema circadiano recomienda por poner fin al cambios de hora que se hace dos veces al año. Sin embargo, en lugar de cambiar al horario de verano permanente (que da más luz al final del día), los datos demuestran que el horario estándar permanente (que da más luz al …
Can COVID-19 cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Reproductive Health
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Heidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
PTSD is complex, but in a nutshell, it is the body’s response to a stressful or fear provoking event. It causes our bodies to go into a constant state of preparation to fight something dangerous or scary. Over time this can lead to depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and physical health symptoms. PTSD is not something …
¿Qué es un trastorno alimentario?
Health & Wellness Mental Health Posts en EspañolAparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
En el último mes tuvimos la Semana Nacional de Concienciación sobre los Trastornos Alimentarios. Siga leyendo para saber un poco más sobre los trastornos alimentarios y cómo obtener ayuda. ¿Qué son los trastornos alimentarios? Los trastornos alimentarios son enfermedades graves, responsables de dolencias médicas y físicas. Se definen como cambios en los comportamientos y patrones …
Hot flashes and mood swings in perimenopause! Make ‘em go away!
Reproductive Health
Mary Kathleen Haber, FNP-C, IBCLC
Ugh! We are right there with you! Perimenopause (the time before, during, and right after menopause) is a normal and expected process for ~50% of the human population. Nevertheless.The.Symptoms.Can.Stink. 🔥Studies show between 50-85% of us experience hot flashes during the late menopausal transition and early postmenopause. For most of us, these are mild to moderate. …
Is there any update on additional COVID booster shots?
Vaccines
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
“Receiving more than one updated booster is not currently authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” The US CDC issued the above guidance this week (March 27th), stating: “At this time, one updated booster dose is recommended for everyone in order to maintain protection from severe illness.” **Correction: This article was corrected on March …
¿Qué dice la ciencia sobre el horario de verano y el impacto en la salud?
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Sandra Albrecht, PhD MPH
Los científicos del sueño y del sistema circadiano recomienda por poner fin al cambios de hora que se hace dos veces al año. Sin embargo, en lugar de cambiar al horario de verano permanente (que da más luz al final del día), los datos demuestran que el horario estándar permanente (que da más luz al …
Can COVID-19 cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Reproductive Health
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Heidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
En el último mes tuvimos la Semana Nacional de Concienciación sobre los Trastornos Alimentarios. Siga leyendo para saber un poco más sobre los trastornos alimentarios y cómo obtener ayuda. ¿Qué son los trastornos alimentarios? Los trastornos alimentarios son enfermedades graves, responsables de dolencias médicas y físicas. Se definen como cambios en los comportamientos y patrones …
Hot flashes and mood swings in perimenopause! Make ‘em go away!
Reproductive HealthMary Kathleen Haber, FNP-C, IBCLC
Ugh! We are right there with you! Perimenopause (the time before, during, and right after menopause) is a normal and expected process for ~50% of the human population. Nevertheless.The.Symptoms.Can.Stink. 🔥Studies show between 50-85% of us experience hot flashes during the late menopausal transition and early postmenopause. For most of us, these are mild to moderate. …
Is there any update on additional COVID booster shots?
Vaccines
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
“Receiving more than one updated booster is not currently authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” The US CDC issued the above guidance this week (March 27th), stating: “At this time, one updated booster dose is recommended for everyone in order to maintain protection from severe illness.” **Correction: This article was corrected on March …
¿Qué dice la ciencia sobre el horario de verano y el impacto en la salud?
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Sandra Albrecht, PhD MPH
Los científicos del sueño y del sistema circadiano recomienda por poner fin al cambios de hora que se hace dos veces al año. Sin embargo, en lugar de cambiar al horario de verano permanente (que da más luz al final del día), los datos demuestran que el horario estándar permanente (que da más luz al …
Can COVID-19 cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Reproductive Health
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Heidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
Ugh! We are right there with you! Perimenopause (the time before, during, and right after menopause) is a normal and expected process for ~50% of the human population. Nevertheless.The.Symptoms.Can.Stink. 🔥Studies show between 50-85% of us experience hot flashes during the late menopausal transition and early postmenopause. For most of us, these are mild to moderate. …
Is there any update on additional COVID booster shots?
VaccinesJennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
“Receiving more than one updated booster is not currently authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” The US CDC issued the above guidance this week (March 27th), stating: “At this time, one updated booster dose is recommended for everyone in order to maintain protection from severe illness.” **Correction: This article was corrected on March …
¿Qué dice la ciencia sobre el horario de verano y el impacto en la salud?
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Sandra Albrecht, PhD MPH
Los científicos del sueño y del sistema circadiano recomienda por poner fin al cambios de hora que se hace dos veces al año. Sin embargo, en lugar de cambiar al horario de verano permanente (que da más luz al final del día), los datos demuestran que el horario estándar permanente (que da más luz al …
Can COVID-19 cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Reproductive Health
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Heidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
“Receiving more than one updated booster is not currently authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.” The US CDC issued the above guidance this week (March 27th), stating: “At this time, one updated booster dose is recommended for everyone in order to maintain protection from severe illness.” **Correction: This article was corrected on March …
¿Qué dice la ciencia sobre el horario de verano y el impacto en la salud?
Health & Wellness Posts en EspañolSandra Albrecht, PhD MPH
Los científicos del sueño y del sistema circadiano recomienda por poner fin al cambios de hora que se hace dos veces al año. Sin embargo, en lugar de cambiar al horario de verano permanente (que da más luz al final del día), los datos demuestran que el horario estándar permanente (que da más luz al …
Can COVID-19 cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Reproductive Health
Jennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Heidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
Los científicos del sueño y del sistema circadiano recomienda por poner fin al cambios de hora que se hace dos veces al año. Sin embargo, en lugar de cambiar al horario de verano permanente (que da más luz al final del día), los datos demuestran que el horario estándar permanente (que da más luz al …
Can COVID-19 cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Reproductive HealthJennifer Beam Dowd, PhD
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en Español
Heidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
Signs point to yes. Previous small studies suggested a link between COVID-19 and ED, but we now have… firmer evidence. A large study using US insurance claims data compared men who were infected with COVID-19 between Jan 2020-Jan 2021 (so pre-vaccine) to men with similar characteristics without an infection. Men with a COVID-19 infection were …
El cambio de hora tiene consecuencias para la salud
Health & Wellness Posts en EspañolHeidi Schutz, PhD
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
Uncategorized
Amanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
Estas gráficas fueron creadas por La Secretaria de Salud de México (@gobmexico) y cubren unos factores que el gobierno mexicano usó para eliminar el horario de verano en la mayor parte del país, excepto en sus fronteras. Estas gráficas no fueron creadas por Las Nerdy Girls. Puede haber algunas inconsistencias en estas gráficas. Para cualquier …
Is there an easy way to search your past posts?
UncategorizedAmanda Simanek, PhD MPH
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
Vaccines
A: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en Español
Aparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
A: YES! You can search our past posts at thosenerdygirls.org! If you don’t find a post answering your question, you can submit a question to us via our question box here! Since March 2020, Those Nerdy Girls have answered 2000+ questions on our Facebook pages (Those Nerdy Girls and our Spanish-language site Las Nerdy Girls) …
Can I get the COVID-19 vaccine booster if I am fasting for Ramadan?
VaccinesA: Yes, you can and Ramadan Mubarak! Islamic leaders and scholars agree that getting the COVID-19 vaccine does not break the fast for Ramadan. If you have not yet gotten your primary vaccine series or bivalent booster, you still can! Read on for more answers to your questions about Ramadan and COVID-19 vaccines. Ramadan is …
We have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM!
Posts en EspañolAparna Kumar, PhD CRNP MPH
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
📢 Did you know that…we have a SPANISH LANGUAGE TEAM? Las Nerdy Girls have been sharing our same reliable, factual, and practical information out there since September of 2020! We tailor the information for Spanish speakers in the U.S. and internationally and use a good mix of sources from governments, non-governmental organizations, and studies to …
